Variable Scope

Identify local and global variables. Identify parameters as local variables. Read a traceback and determine the file, function, and line number on which the error occurred, the type of error, and the error message.

This page is adapted from the Software Carpentry Python Gapminder lesson, Copyright (c) The Carpentries. The original material is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

Changes made: Content has been modified and expanded by Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) to include IPA-specific examples and context relevant to research data analysis.

Original citation: Achterberg, et al. (2024). swcarpentry/python-novice-gapminder: Software Carpentry: Plotting and Programming in Python (v2024.6.27.1). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12167686

NoteLearning Objectives
  • Identify local and global variables.
  • Identify parameters as local variables.
  • Read a traceback and determine the file, function, and line number on which the error occurred, the type of error, and the error message.

The scope of a variable is the part of a program that can ‘see’ that variable

  • There are only so many sensible names for variables.
  • People using functions shouldn’t have to worry about what variable names the author of the function used.
  • People writing functions shouldn’t have to worry about what variable names the function’s caller uses.
  • The part of a program in which a variable is visible is called its scope.
pressure = 103.9

def adjust(t):
    temperature = t * 1.43 / pressure
    return temperature
  • pressure is a global variable.
    • Defined outside any particular function.
    • Visible everywhere.
  • t and temperature are local variables in adjust.
    • Defined in the function.
    • Not visible in the main program.
    • Remember: a function parameter is a variable that is automatically assigned a value when the function is called.
print('adjusted:', adjust(0.9))
print('temperature after call:', temperature)
adjusted: 0.01238691049085659
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/swcarpentry/foo.py", line 8, in <module>
    print('temperature after call:', temperature)
NameError: name 'temperature' is not defined
NoteExercise: Local and Global Variable Use

Trace the values of all variables in this program as it is executed. (Use ‘—’ as the value of variables before and after they exist.)

limit = 100

def clip(value):
    return min(max(0.0, value), limit)

value = -22.5
print(clip(value))
NoteExercise: Reading Error Messages

Read the traceback below, and identify the following:

  1. How many levels does the traceback have?
  2. What is the file name where the error occurred?
  3. What is the function name where the error occurred?
  4. On which line number in this function did the error occur?
  5. What is the type of error?
  6. What is the error message?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError                                  Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-e4c4cbafeeb5> in <module>()
      1 import errors_02
----> 2 errors_02.print_friday_message()

/Users/ghopper/thesis/code/errors_02.py in print_friday_message()
     13
     14 def print_friday_message():
---> 15     print_message("Friday")

/Users/ghopper/thesis/code/errors_02.py in print_message(day)
      9         "sunday": "Aw, the weekend is almost over."
     10     }
---> 11     print(messages[day])
     12
     13

KeyError: 'Friday'
  1. Three levels.
  2. errors_02.py
  3. print_message
  4. Line 11
  5. KeyError. These errors occur when we are trying to look up a key that does not exist (usually in a data structure such as a dictionary). We can find more information about the KeyError and other built-in exceptions in the Python docs.
  6. KeyError: 'Friday'
ImportantKey Points
  • The scope of a variable is the part of a program that can ‘see’ that variable.
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